Oil prices have gone down in recent weeks from the peak reached in mid-summer, but they are still much higher than at the beginning of the decade. With high oil and coal prices, there are stronger incentives to use less fossil fuels. Alternative energies become financially more attractive. These developments can bring about reductions in greenhouse emissions and contribute to mitigate climate change. But it all can go away if the price of oil comes down substantially. So we could seize the opportunity of high oil and coal prices to lock-in these incentive effects on climate change mitigation. This could be achieved by introducing an internationally harmonized floor to the user cost of emitting carbon by using oil and coal. To implement this floor, a variable carbon levy could be enacted by a group of participating countries. The levy would kick in if and when the price of oil and coal were to fall below a pre-agreed threshold. No additional costs would be imposed on anyone above those already being paid now. And this would create certainty to guide consumers and investors in their behavior and resource allocations towards less greenhouse gases emitting activities

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Images of the Beijing sky-line, seemingly bathed in a soup of smog and haze have been never far from the world's TV screens over recent days and weeks.

International reporters with hand-held air pollution detectors have been popping up on street corners checking the levels of soot and dust.

Everyone seems keen to prove that the city's air will be a decisive and debilitating factor for one of the world's most high profile sporting events.

Without doubt Beijing is facing a huge challenge. There are real and understandable concerns for the health of competitors, especially those in endurance and long distance events such as cycling and the marathon.

But the current frenzied focus is marked by a modicum of amnesia-air pollution was a major concern in Los Angeles 24 years ago.

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Having just returned from Senegal, I want to share my thoughts with you on an issue that became strikingly clear to me: the favorable perspectives shaping up for Africa's agriculture and their complex implications for future energy choices.

While traveling through the irrigated rice production area in the Senegal River Valley, you could see the new opportunities that rising world prices of agricultural commodities could bring to African agriculture. The changes in Senegal are down right impressive. To be sure, the dramatic upturn in world prices is spawning many challenges for net importers of agricultural commodities and for the World Food Program, as Josette Sheeran so emphatically points out in this blog. In addition, it is creating a fair amount of social and political tension in some urban areas. In order to be beneficial for all, this price surge must therefore incite cities to become better suppliers and service providers to their rural peripheries, so that cities also reap the benefits of improving conditions in rural areas. (I will come back to this fundamental relationship in another column.

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I come back from Kenya. AFD and other donors including the World Bank and EIB are financing a large-scale public geothermal investment program that will supply most of Kenya's future power generating capacity. The power generation mix that will fuel Kenya's rapidly growing economy over the next decade will be carbon-poor.

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For those of us who work in the humanitarian world, the dawn of the twenty-first century has dealt us a difficult hand. As the expert practitioners in the game of preparing and planning for sudden, unpredictable events, we at the World Food Programme, the world's largest humanitarian agency, have become the recognised experts in emergency response.

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